0491 (d o 4 - d i 4) (1) where . Nov 16, 2022 · Our guide provides handy tables of approximate water flow rates based on pipe size, helping you estimate capacity quickly and easily. The capacity of a low pressure natural gas (less than 1 psi, 6. 1831 inches. Ideal for plumbing and HVAC professionals, this calculator simplifies the process of pipe sizing, ensuring accurate and efficient results. 10. 59. The Factored Diameter Inch formula takes into account four characteristics of a pipe weld. 3. Let's do the math: For the Hazen–Williams equation, we need the values of conversion factor k k k , roughness coefficient C C C , hydraulic radius R R R , and the slope of the energy line S S S . 048 in) 4. Input 5 cm in the diameter box. Cross Sectional inside Pipe Area. Your result should also be 15. - NPT Thread taper angle = 1/16 taper = 1 deg. The calculation would be (9. 3944/4. Nov 19, 2023 · Outer Diameter (OD): Measure the outer diameter accurately using a measuring tape or caliper for pipes like copper and steel. The calculator is applicable for carbon steel, stainless steel, copper and PVC pipes. Enter 9 in the in the flow rate box and choose liters per second from its menu. If you know the radius of the circle, double it to get the diameter. Equations displayed for easy reference. 1 Pipe friction head per 100 ft of pipe (ft/100 ft) = 30. This calculator will calculate the various properties of a tube, also called a pipe or hollow cylinder, given 3 known values from variables of radii, circumference, wall thickness and height. Online calculator to quickly determine Pipe Sizing by Velocity for Water. √ = square root. For example, given a flow rate of 1,000 inches per second and a velocity of 40 cubic inches per second, the diameter would be the square root of 1000 times 4 divided by 3. 5 inWC, over a distance of 50 feet, from an initial pressure of 0. d 1 = d 0 [dt α + 1] Mar 22, 2024 · To calculate the radius simply divide by 2 to get 2m. Solve for part full pipe flows, or size a pipe with a known design flow. 59 centimeters per second AND the answer is in 23 other different units !! 3) Water is flowing through a 2 foot diameter pipe, at a rate of 20 The pipe calculator employs the accurate pipe volume formula, which takes into account parameters such as the inner diameter and the outer diameter, as well as the length of the pipe. Using a measuring tape or caliper, you find that the length of the tube is 10 meters. Given here is an online pipe diameter calculator that can be used for calculating the diameter of the pipes for the given values of volumetric flow rate and velocity. Nov 27, 2022 · The pipe size calculated in this calculator is based on the Continuity Equation and maximum allowable velocity: change with time”. 049787 Feb 20, 2024 · Example of Natural Gas Pipe Sizing Calculator. 2. Friction Losses in Steel Pipes size 0. 046 mm; Drawn tubing (brass, lead, glass): 0. - Thread Designation: The nominal pipe size, number of threads per inch and the thread series symbol in sequence. 75 in. Note b: Reference dimension. A i = π (d i / 2) 2 = π d i 2 / 4 (1) where. Our pipe pressure calculator is a user-friendly tool designed to streamline the process of determining pressure within pipes. 625 inches) Wall Thickness (i. Typical values: Commercial steel: 0. Internal diameter (mm) Formula: d = internal diameter (mm) v = target velocity (m/s). 18309141 inches. d=2\sqrt {\frac {A} {π}} d = 2 πA. Inner Diameter; Length of the pipe; You can see that the pipe volume calculator and its formula use these factors to make calculations for the volume of pipe and liquid weight. 5737 [email protected] User Guide. 5 to 1. Open the SP Calculator Pipe Diameter Calculator Calculation Formula. We created this online pipe calculator to help you find the right pipe for your job. Remember to include your unit of measure Calculate capacities and dimensions of natural gas pipe lines. 273 inches to achieve the desired flow rate and velocity. Input the diameter in the equation: c = π × (5 cm) = 15. 002 mm The Cross-section Area calculator returns the cross-section are of a pipe based on the diameter. r = 0. 200 gal/min of water flows in a 3 inch PEH pipe DR 15 with inside diameter 3. Outer Diameter (i. We then apply the Hazen-Williams equation for you, which calculates the resulting velocity and discharge. 3944)/4/3. 04167² = 0. The diameter d is equal to the circumference C divided by pi. 708 cm. You can also select units of measure for both input data and results. 800. 316. Jul 9, 2024 · This calculator will automatically estimate all of the other values. Cross-sectional inside area of a pipe can be calculated as. Currently 6 people doing weight calculation pipe. 3 kPa The following equation can be used to calculate the sizing for a gas pipe: Calculate Your Conduit Fill Percentage. Length: ft. radius = 0. 365 or . Get the result. This step is crucial for accurate fittings and connections. Here is the pipe volume formula: Pipe Volume = π x (diameter²/4) x length in inches. Includes 53 different calculations. 13 ECONOMIC PIPE DIAMETER From the foregoing we can easily calculate the flow rate, given the pipe diameter and pressure drop, or calculate the pipe diameter, given the flow rate and pressure drop, and so forth. And there it is, the first part of the calculations is done: the tool has worked as a volumetric flow rate calculator. You can also find this answer using our circle calculator . 310. The diameter of a circle will be shown in the selected units. R₂ is the inner radius of the pipe, which is typically half the diameter. With material selection you can detail pipe. 5 (static head + friction head) Mar 14, 2018 · The equation for pipe diameter is the square root of 4 times the flow rate divided by pi times velocity. 2227\) cubic feet per minute. This calculator uses this formula to determine the water velocity inside of a pipe. h 100ft = 0. The System Pressure Calculator helps you work out the resistance in pascals that elements such as spiral duct, bends, duct heaters etc. Let’s take a case in which the velocity is searched based on flow rate of 15 m 3 /s and diameter of 0. Consider a scenario where you need to determine the size of a pipe for a gas flow of 500 cfh, with a pressure drop of 0. q = natural gas volume flow (cfh) h = pressure drop (in Water Column) l = length of pipe Pipe Weight Formula - This formula can be used to determine the weight per foot for any size of pipe with any wall thickness. Q = Volume flow rate; v = Flow velocity Online calculator to quickly determine Pipe Sizing by Velocity for Water. Simply enter the conduit type and size, then specify your The calculator can be used for computation of pipe diameter when the flow rate is known. The effects on the predicted flow rate are then given in three graphs, where in turn two of the variables are kept constant and the flow rate is plotted Start by finding the cross-sectional area of the pipe. 0054542 sq ft. Example - Steel Pipe Diameter Temperature Expansion. 141610 inches = 3. Pipe Slope (m/m) m/m. Moment of inertia can be expressed as. Also, check your results using our circumference to diameter calculator. . ΔT = Delta T (°C) Disclaimer: Information on this website is provided for informational purpose therefore we cannot accept liability for subsequent problems. com: Pipe Volume Gallons, Math Solutions Explained Online calculator to quickly determine Pipe Sizing by Pressure Loss for Water. Use the drop-down menus to get started. The radius is the distance from the center of the circle to its edge. Pump head calculator Flow rate q (gpm): Static head sh (ft) Inside diameter d (in) Pipe or tube length L (ft) Velocity (ft/s) = 5. The basic formula: d = √ [ (4 × Q) / (V × π)], where Q – flow rate, V – water velocity. 8823 (800-All-Tube) 508. From the source of wateronline. - The angle between the sides of the thread is 60 deg. L the bend length. q = 3550 k ( h / (l SG))1/2(1) where. 048 inches. For a system requiring a flow rate of 100 GPM and a desired flow velocity of 2 ft/sec, the pipe diameter and cross-sectional area would be calculated as follows: CFM = \ (100 / 449 \approx 0. Jun 21, 2022 · A pipe made of steel, with a diameter of 2. A stainless steel pipe with nominal diameter 10 inches (outside diameter 10. 852 (200 gal/min) 1. 5" to 3" inch diameter. Pipe Diameter - Nominal Pipe Size “NPS” –REFERENCE TABLE B 4. 533. SHC = Specific heat capacity. The roughness coefficient for PEH pipe is 140 and the length of the pipe is 30 ft. R₁ is the outer radius of the pipe. Similarly, the cross-sectional area can be calculated as: A = Q/V. g. This Roughness (n) 0. 14; ro is the density of the metal from which the round pipe is made Flow Rate Calculator. Formula. v = 35 0. 4925. The secret recipe for calculating gas pipe size is presented in all its glory below: Pipe Size (in) = 0. d=2r d = 2r. the internal angle of the curve. Maximum allowable velocity for Pipe size, meter per second (i. The rate at which a liquid flows will vary according to area of the pipe or channel through which it is passing and the velocity of the liquid. q = natural gas volume flow (cfh) h = pressure drop (in Water Column) l = length of pipe The Equation. This program will calculate the necessary pipe diameter, ensuring that the specific pressure losses do not exceed 100 Pa/m. In residential areas, it is required to limit the water flow velocity to a maximum of 8 feet per second (8 ft/s). volume = π × r 2 × h. 1415926535898. Calculating Pipe diameter for a network. The flow rate of LPG can be presented as mass flow rate, volume flow rate of the liquid phase or as a volume flow rate of the gas phase at standard conditions. 8 PSI or 67 kPa for friction loss. Dec 31, 2023 · How to Use the Calculator. Finally, enter the information found above into the equation to find the volume of the pipe. See alsoPallet Racking Capacity Calculator Online. Volume = pi x radius² x length. 19 REFERENCE TABLE C 4. The first one is based on the radius of the circle. Jul 25, 2023 · Measuring the flow yields a velocity of 4 ft/min. Enter the GPM (gallons per minute) and the velocity of the flow (ft/min) into the calculator to Pipe Volume Calculator. Velocity = \ (2\) ft/sec (given) Choose the nominal diameter and schedule of 1, 2 or all 3 pipes from the drop down lists; The calculator will determine the inside diameter of each selected pipe; Enter a length for 1, 2 or all 3 pipes; Enter an absolute roughness for each pipe. The final outside diameter can be calculated. " Our online tool helps electricians, engineers and contractors calculate the right Size Type Invert Angle; Pipe #1 Pipe #1 Pipe #2: Plan View. 011. Wall Thickness: Measure the thickness of the pipe’s walls. e. Next, gather the formula from above = PP = PL * CPF. Calculating flow rate in pipes. /ft . Pipe wall thickness - REFERENCE TABLE D Velocity and Flow Capacity of Oil Schedule 160 Pipe. Specific gravity can be entered for other liquids. Calculate: Click to receive the weight of the pipe For instance, if you calculate flow rate you will receive your answer in m 3 /s, m 3 /h, in 3 /s, in 3 /g, ft 3 /s and ft 3 /h. 5 Pump head h (ft) = 2. If the radius of the circle is 4 cm, then the diameter of the circle is 4 cm x 2, or 8 cm. Just enter the value of the circumference. 69* (OD - Wall Thickness)*Wall Thickness. Pipe Size Calculator. The head loss for 100 ft pipe can be calculated as. The Simple Pipe Size Calculator is a straightforward tool that quickly determines the minimum required and recommended pipe diameters based on flow rate and velocity inputs. 14159) = 1. You can use either formula to get the same results. 5 inches, with a length of 18 feet, and a difference in heights of 3 feet. 5 psi to a final pressure of 0. 4. Manhole Sizing Calculations Are Only Approximate Based On Limited Requirements This calculator allows you to estimate the minimum value of the inner diameter of the pipe at a given velocity of the medium and the capacity of the pipeline. 75 or 8. Make Shortcut to this Calculator on Your Home Screen? The calculator is based on the piping formulas and equations below. You will need to convert the diameter from inches to feet, then divide this in half to find the radius. If the leak rate is known, the Oct 4, 2023 · A = end surface area. Aug 24, 2023 · The air compressor pipe size calculator is an essential tool that significantly simplifies the complex task of determining the appropriate pipe diameter for compressed air systems. 336 ft^2. Then tap or click the Calculate button. Use the same units (inches or millimeters) to Jan 18, 2024 · Use the appropriate equation, which, in this case, is the circumference to diameter formula: c = πd. Finally, calculate the pipe diameter using the formula above: D= SQRT (4*5. Enter parameters . 9 kPa) pipe line with a small pressure loss can be calculated with the Spitzglass formula. With this tool, it is possible to easily calculate the average volumetric flow rate of fluids by changing each of the three variables: length, pressure and bore diameter. 5 psi / 10. 2083 (100 / 140) 1. inches (in Calculate line pipe maximum and minimum diameter from diameter tolerance. This tool will calculate the flow velocity in any units from the specified volumetric flow rate of a substance flowing through a round duct or pipe of a chosen diameter. 255. 39443721173036 m/s. I = moment of inertia (in 4) d o = outside diameter (in) d i = inside diameter (in) A range of conversion values for flow and diameter will also be displayed for each set of input parameters entered. area = π × 0. May 23, 2023 · To calculate pipe volume in cubic inches, you’ll need the diameter and length of the pipe in inches. Steel Pipe Flow Loss Friction for sizes 4 " to 8 " inch diameter. 4. The calculator is intended for calculating the thickness of the pipe wall based on the known value of the internal pressure and the permitted specified minimum yield stress in the pipe. e for Gases 24 m/s and for Liquids 1. A great tool to help electricians, engineers and contractors answer the question, "What size conduit do I use per the NEC®?" The app will calculate the conduit fill percentages and jam probability for multiple conductors per NEC® Guidelines. 45 To determine the size of conduit you need in order to fit your chosen cable, enter your Belden cable part number or the diameter of your cable. You can calculate pipes more easily with calculation of the pipes you use in project. This tool will calculate the volumetric flow rate in any units from the specified velocity of a substance flowing through a round duct or pipe of a chosen diameter. For example, let’s calculate the diameter of a circle with a circumference of 5. 5 × (50 / (0. By offering instant and accurate results, it contributes to energy efficiency, cost reduction, and optimal performance. 0054542. This slope indicates a 2% incline, which is within typical Dec 17, 2023 · Step-by-Step Calculation: Follow these easy steps to calculate the Pipe Surface Area: Identify Pipe Dimensions: Determine the inner diameter ( ID ), outer diameter ( OD ), and length ( L) of the cylindrical pipe. After inserting the variables and calculating the result, check your answer with the The Pipe Surface Area calculator computes the interior or exterior surface area of a pipe based on the interior or exterior diameter of circular conduit or pipe and the length of the pipe. Mar 15, 2024 · How to Calculate Pipe Price? The following steps outline how to calculate the Pipe Price. The formula is: Wt/Ft = 10. Choose. Click the CALCULATE button and the answer is 114. The leak rate calculation has built-in specific gravity values for water, seawater, diesel fuel, SAE 30 oil, and gasoline. Then, under # of Cables, enter your details and hit "Calculate. For each new calculation a unique conversion scale will be generated for the range of volumetric flow rates and flow speeds for the diameter specified. Pipe Diameter - Nominal Pipe Size (SS) ASME B36. 66 m^3. Area of a circle: d = 2 A π. Density: Adjust the material density as needed in kg/m³; the default is set for steel. However, this can be automatically converted to compatible units via the Aug 2, 2023 · 1. A = π · r². 04167′. 5 m: The velocity value for the above pipe velocity equation is 76. Next, calculate the velocity. Apr 29, 2024 · Example of Pipe Slope Calculator. 4 μin/in o F. 64 inches. A much more interesting question is, Given the flow rate, what size of pipe should we select? It is possible that the choice is When the calculation of heating and water supply systems, the pipe size is chosen based on the value of specific pressure losses of 100 Pa/m. = 5. 5. May 25, 2023 · This calculation determines the leftover pressure in the system that can be used to overcome the pressure loss due to friction in the pipes and fittings. diameter in feet = 1″ ÷ 12 = 0. Vp = pi * 2*2*10 = 125. = 1. 2. Once you’ve determined the cubic inches of the pipe, you can convert them to gallons with the following formula: Gallons = cubic inches ÷ 231 This tool will calculate the volumetric flow rate in any units from the specified velocity of a substance flowing through a round duct or pipe of a chosen diameter. ))^0. The pipe leak rate calculator computes the leak rate of a liquid out of a circular or non-circular crack or hole in a pipe or tank. Here is how the Pipe Diameter calculation can be explained with given input values -> 0. Given the circumference of a circle, you can find the diameter using the following formula: d = C/π. Using our formula: Slope = 5 feet / 250 feet = 0. Using the longest-run method, this tool simplifies pipe sizing by calculating the required diameter for each segment of pipe in a gas system. 8655 Nov 3, 2020 · So, if you're dealing with a pipe that has an outside circumference of 10 inches, its outside diameter is: \text {diameter}=\frac {10\text { inches}} {3. Horizontal Change: 250 feet. Next, select the type of conduit you are specifying. 1. The pipe wall thickness calculation is based on the ASME B31. Units that are commonly used to measure volumetric flow rate are: m 3 /s (cubic meter per second), L/min (liters per minute), ft 3 /sec (cubic feet per second), ft 3 /min (cubic feet per minute, or CFM 4 days ago · Let's choose a pipe with an internal diameter of 3 i n 3\ \mathrm{in} 3 in. Section View. A Mannings Formula pipe flow calculator for square and circular pipes. place on a ventilation duct run. For each new calculation a unique conversion scale will be generated for the range of flow speeds and volumetric flow rates for the diameter specified. 750 inches) is heated from 68 o F to 98 o F. d = 2 r. Derived from: A = Q / v. Starting Gas Pressure < 1. Surface Area of Pipe (SA): The calculator returns the surface area in square inches. 3 days ago · Use this pipe flow calculator to analyze the properties of water flowing in a gravity-fed system. Let's pick 10 f t / s 10\ \mathrm{ft/s} 10 ft/s. 25 inch diameter. Thus, the volume of a pipe is equal to pi times the pipe diameter d squared over 4, times the length of the pipe h . Calculate today! 888. Step #10 shows that there is 9. 47 min = 0. By rounding to the fourth place, the outside diameter is 3. The cross-sectional wall area - or area of piping material - can be calculated as MicroGroup (Medway) 7 Industrial Park Road Medway, MA 02053. Apr 6, 2024 · The calculator operates based on a fundamental formula: ΔP = (f * (L / D) * (ρ * V^2)) / (2 * g) where ΔP represents the pressure drop, f is the Darcy friction factor, L and D are the length and diameter of the pipe respectively, ρ is the density of the fluid, V is the velocity of the fluid, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. See Tap Drill Sizes for NPT Pipe Threads . KW = Kilowatts. Using the formula: Pipe Size = (500 × 2. 5 - 0. You only need to know the diameter of the pipe, the material it's made of, its length, and the drop in height. Tips: Enter the following data. Enter 10 in the pipe diameter box and choose centimeters from its menu. Enter the average velocity of the flow. 8 psi/210feet) x 100 = 4. Moment of Inertia. 5 m/s). Diameter of pipe D: Length of pipe L: Pipe How to calculate Pipe Diameter using this online calculator? To use this online calculator for Pipe Diameter, enter Friction Factor (f), Pipe Length (L p), Fluid Average Velocity (V avg) & Head Loss due to Friction (H f) and hit the calculate button. This formula helps in deriving the area that fluid can pass through, a critical Here you can calculate the wall thickness, weight per foot, rated pressure, outside diameter, and inside diameter of PVC pipe. 3433. This formula is derived from the cylinder volume formula, which can also be used if you know the radius of the pipe. Enter parameters. It takes the distance from the meter 1 day ago · Example Calculation. 14 times 40 or 5. Calculating flow rate in channels. The expansion coefficient for stainless steel S30100 is 9. Calculator: Pipe Sizing by Velocity for Water. Wall Thickness: Provide the wall thickness in millimeters. In plumbing, pipe size is also termed as Nominal Pipe Size (NPS). 6. Next, determine the cost per foot ($/ft). Calculate capacities and dimensions of natural gas pipe lines. Friction Loss in Steel Pipe 1. Use the Result Table option to display a table of the diameter and diametertolerance versus either wall thickness or diameter tolerance type. Nominal Diameter (DN): For HDPE and PEX pipes, understand the nominal diameter and how it relates The calculation provides resultes in inches or millimetres for the pipe diameter. Calculating pipe diameter for a given flow rate and fluid speed. 45 psi. inches (in) feet (ft) yards (yd) centimeters (cm) meters (m) Inner Diameter: in. Determine the water velocity, and minimum pipe diameter based on flow rate and a 5 fps pipe velocity. 18309141\text { inches} diameter = 3. References: From the source of Wikipedia: Plumbing, History of Piping. Steel Pipe Flow Friction Loss for sizes 10" to 12 " inch diameter. Design Flow Rate (L/s) L/s. 0833′ ÷ 2 = 0. π = pi = 3. Apply the Formula: Plug in the values into the formula to calculate the surface area. 800. Steam and Condensate Training Seminars. 7 psi/100 feet. With the calculator, you can convert between mass and volume flow rate (liquid or gas phase). This is crucial when determining pipe size and calculating volume of a pipe, whether you're working with cubic inches, gallons ft, lb ft, or other units. Apr 24, 2024 · To calculate the cross-sectional area (A) of a pipe, the formula used is: Where: π (pi) is the mathematical constant approximately equal to 3. Calculate the inner diameter of the pipe by measuring the distance from one inside edge, across the center, and to the opposite inside edge. Outer Diameter: Enter the pipe’s outer diameter in millimeters. Finally, calculate the Pipe Price. 14159. Step #14 – Determine Size of Water Service Pipe Example - Friction Head Loss in Water Pipe. Length: Input the total length of the pipe in meters. Calculation of pressure drops of flowing liquids and gases in pipes and pipe elements (laminar and turbulent flow). FAQs: What is the significance of flow rate in water pipe sizing? The flow rate represents the volume of water that passes through the pipe per unit of time. First, determine the pipe length (ft). 0833′. 0 -1. That's it. 02 or 2%. 903. 8 standard. The diameter equals the length of two radiuses. After the calculation, you can see total weight in the calculations section. May 23, 2023 · In this scenario, the Water Pipe Sizing Calculator would recommend a pipe with a diameter of approximately 1. LPS = litres per second. Click Calculate and find the Calculated size of the Pipe, Meter (m) This circumference to diameter calculator is used to find the diameter of a circle given its circumference. If you know the circumference of the circle, divide it by π to get the diameter. Calculating pump head from pressure. Phone and Chat Support Hours Mon-Thurs: 8am – 6pm EST Fri: 8am – 5pm EST This tool helps to estimate precisely the surface area of the pipe using the formula finding the area of the cylinder: V = π × d × L, where d – is the outer diameter of the pipe (mm/in), L – is the length of the pipe (m/ft). You can easily calculate by entering pipe dimensions without any restrictions. Symbols. 061 * (Gas Flow Rate (CFM) / Pressure Drop (in w. Calculating velocity of fluids. 1416}=3. 72) / (0. r = ø / 2. d = 5/π = 1. Example calculation. Select the pipe schedule type, diameter, wall thickness and diameter tolerance, or use the user defined option. [1] Example. Material Type - REFERENCE TABLE A 4. Consider a scenario where you need to install a new drainage pipe in a residential area: Vertical Change: 5 feet. 852 / (3. By simply inputting relevant parameters such as pipe diameter, flow rate, fluid properties, and pipe material, the calculator provides accurate pressure calculations instantly. volume = π × d 2 4 × h. 5L/sin(a/2) where r is the bend radius. CALCULATION 4. Worldwide Pipe & Supply's pipe weight formula calculator can be used to determine the weight per foot for any size pipe & wall thickness. A i = cross-sectional inside area of pipe (m 2, in 2) d i = inside diameter (m, in) Cross Sectional Pipe Wall Area. 322 inches) Pipe Industries is the leader in manufacturing of large diameter This gas pipe sizing calculator is designed to help homeowners and contractors determine the best pipe size for their gas installations using propane or natural gas. To do piping size calculation, follow these steps: Find the inner diameter and length of the pipe, in inches or millimeters. Pipes are identified by trade names which are related to dimensions. Now, the length of the pipe must be determined. 9 Pipe friction head (ft) = 2. The formula used by this calculator to calculate the internal pipe or duct diameter is: ø = (Q / (v · π)) ½ · 2. Pipe diameter Calculator. 1. WSU Prosser - IAREC, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser WA 99350-8694, 509-786-2226. I = π (d o 4 - d i 4) / 64 ≈ 0. Contact Us. Chapter 6: Straight Pipe, Curved Pipe, and Intersection Calculations 85 Chapter 7: Piping Flexibility, Reactions, and Sustained Thermal Calculations 119 Chapter 8: Pipe-Supporting Elements and Methods Calculations 145 Chapter 9: Specialty Components 161 Chapter 10: High-Frequency versus Low-Frequency Vibration Calculations 181 Chapter 11 The weight of a round pipe, the assortment of which is not included in the reference available on the site, is calculated online using the formula m = Pi * ro * S * (D - S) * L; Pi is a mathematical constant that expresses the length ratio circle to its diameter, equal to ~ 3. hz xc bw ka vt yg ss iy gz wf