Modern silver hallmarks. html>qu This particular set of marks tells us that this item was made of Sterling, in the city of London, in the year 1789, during the reign of King George III, and by the silversmith Thomas Wallis. com • The "Mexico Silver" or "Silver Made in Mexico" marks are seen on pieces from the 1920's through mid 1940's, their silver standard varies, but is commonly above . Every removable part of a British sterling item must be fully hallmarked. WT over RA – William Theobalds & Robert Atkinson. A shorter video detailing some of the basics regarding Japanese silver hallmarks. When Gorham adopted the sterling standard in 1868, they began a system of year-marks which were stamped into their products to denote the year in which they were made. Italian silver is adorned with intricate motifs and elaborate engravings, reminiscent of the masterpieces created during the Renaissance period. 2. silver fineness 925/1000. Successor to Waite, Smith & Co. City Mark, 3. 2) AMERICAN STERLING SILVER MARKS. g. com • May 5, 2020 · Quebec City 101 - 1170 boulevard Lebourgneuf Québec, QC/a> (514) 738-7886. Albert Wakefield. The second mark was used from 1906. Romeo Miracoli e Figlio srl - Milano. 813, year 1753. The "Maker" column may show the name of the silversmith who made the item; however, the mark is more properly known as a Sponsor's Mark. 800 the minimum national standard for silver in Germany. until 1886. Irish silver makers marks are a key tool for identifying authentic Irish silverware. GOLD: 375 585 750 916 999. ” Other articles and marks can be found in” Silver and Other Metals identification guide and in the Article Apr 7, 2022 · A Chinese Export silver Basket by Wang Hing c 1900. This is the 'hallmarks' site map of 'A Small Collection of Antique Silver and Objects of vertu', a 1000 pages richly illustrated website offering all you need to know about antique silver, sterling silver, silverplate, sheffield plate, electroplate silver, silverware, flatware, tea services and tea complements, marks and hallmarks, articles, books, auction catalogs, famous silversmiths Identifying marks or hallmarks of German companies or goldsmiths and silversmiths is not easy. Nov 26, 2018 · Britannia Silver Hallmarks . In 1884 a law was enacted making . Jr - Böhm Hugo - Bremer Silberwaren-Fabrik AG - BRUCKMANN&SÖHNE - Deyhle Gebrüder - Dingeldein Gebrüder - Eispert Julius, later Eispert Richard - Friedländer Gebrüder - Gerber Fritz Date letters were first used on Dublin silver in 1638 although during the 17th century the recording of date letters was somewhat arbitrary; it is therefore not possible to be certain about all date letters. Silver from Finland; Hallmarks, Date Marks, & Makers' Marks - 925-1000. Wang Hing mark written in full. Manufacturers of low end sterling and costume jewelry. Active 1884-c. 4% purity, 585 - 14 karat gold with 58. l. The word "HALLMARK" derives from the fact that, since the 16th century, precious metals were sent to the London Goldsmiths' Hall for testing The first step in using Irish silver hallmarks to identify and authenticate silver is to locate the marks. Originally founded by Daniel B. Dublin Silversmiths' Makers' Marks This section on the Makers' Marks of Ireland is organized alphabetically by the first letter in the mark. This mark is referred to as a “hallmark. . Each silversmith registered and was assigned a number. Later, trademarks that showed which goldsmith had manufactured the product were added. 10 karat is assayed with the number 417. 37 pins. Mark on a silver wine cooler. com •• www . The left example show the large guarantee mark (Minerve) & maker's mark, the right example the small guarantee mark (boar's head) and maker's mark. Piece by piece, these elements form a story waiting to be unveiled. Afterwards, five silver hallmarks change have been occurred, 1937, 1966, 1999, 2006 and the last in 2016. location marks – either in English or Chinese characters – you can find examples of these below. This mark is often considered to be the work of the master himself –Maybe…. Grimwade ~ 191. Jul 16, 2010 · Today’s Common Markings. The anchor was adopted as the assay office mark by Birmingham and the crown by Sheffield, supposedly as a result of the delegations meeting at a public house in London called the Crown and Anchor. AMES MFG COMPANY - Chicopee, MA. A letter mark coinciding with the date of assay was first introduced in London in 1477. Here is a jewelry hallmark list of the most commonly used purity marks and their meanings: 375 - 9 carat gold with 37. The best known of these are:- Chester a sword between three wheatsheaves, Birmingham a ship’s anchor, Sheffield a crown, Edinburgh a three towered castle, Glasgow a tree with a fish, a bird and a bell, and Dublin a seated figure of Hibernia. A typical set of antique British silver hallmarks showing (left to right); 1. Other marks can indicate the date of manufacture and additional information about the piece. Sometimes it is also stamped STERLING or SOLID SILVER. The marks on the bottom of a piece of silver can be an indication of the age, maker, and origin of the piece. Waite & Co. In 1544 the leopard's head mark was adopted as the mark of the London Assay Office. Awarded. This is a page of A Small Collection of Antique Silver and Objects of vertu, a 1000 pages richly illustrated website offering all you need to know about antique silver, sterling silver, silverplate, sheffield plate, electroplate silver, silverware, flatware, tea services and tea complements, marks and hallmarks, articles, books, auction catalogs, famous silversmiths (Tiffany, Gorham, Jensen Pewterer's Marks. 14 karat is assayed with the number 585. Makers' Marks & Hallmarks on British & Irish Silver. Åge Nygaard Thomsen - Ikast 1922 - 1937. Only 3. The metal is tested and marked at special offices, regulated by the government, known as assay offices. Maker's Mark, National Mark, Silver Purity, Town Mark and Date Code (O7 = 1967) Finland Date Code Chart • 1810 - 2001. Since 1797, marker’s marks are contained in a diamond lozenge shape. This shows you the symbol of the Assay Office where it was tested and marked. Austria-Hungary. Mark MI 6 from 19 June 1974. The firm was founded in 1893 and by the 1930 had a fine reputation as producer of modern silver. The second mark on a silver item is a maker’s mark. Grimwade, Faber & Faber 1976. A silver or gold object that is to be sold commercially is, in most countries, stamped with one or more hallmarks indicating the purity of the metal and the mark of the manufacturer or silversmith. The Britannia silver is a little softer than the standard 925 silver. Guide to World Hallmarks - Most extensive internet resource for research of Silver marks, Hallmarks & Maker's Marks - Foreign Hallmarks. The unit originated as the weight of a gold coin of the same name which circulated as late as 11th century in Kievan Rus. Pewterers' marks fall into five broad categories: touch marks, hallmarks, quality marks, labels and catalogue numbers. Continue shopping. This is known as the sterling standard. Online Encyclopedia of Silver Marks, Hallmarks & Makers' Marks Joan Hurst (1923-2000) and Jill Kingsbury (1909-2004), exhibited in "Modern Jewelry Design" (1946 silver manufacturer antique & modern. FOXALL & Co. Hallmarking in Finland was compulsory since 1754 and a date mark system introduced in 1759. From 1885 until 1933 a different symbol was used each year. SWEDEN. Sheffield. 1 2 3. Switzerland is from 1975 a country member of the Convention on the Control and Marking of Articles of Precious Metals, an international treaty between States on the cross border trade in precious metal articles. The word "HALLMARK" derives from the fact that, since the 16th century, precious metals were sent to the London Goldsmiths' Hall for Russian Silver - Andrei Gilodo; Beresta Moscow, 1993 Znaki srebra do lat 40. In 1934, new statutes were instituted for silver marking: 1. These marks became compulsory by 1888. 800 and . (Flatware - Tableware - Accessories, Birmingham, UK) - ca XXXXs - XXXXs. 20 karat is assayed with the number 833. 6. The Hallmarking Act of 1973 brought the In some countries, the testing of silver objects and marking of purity is controlled by a national assayer's office . The assay office mark indicates the item’s origin, and the date letter reveals its creation year. Identify unique marks, artist names, or shop symbols within our growing collection. The Gesellschaft für Goldschmiedekunst e. In 1807, when the duty mark became the A - Silver guild marks used in some 35 of the larger towns and cities of the Netherlands from the 15th through 18th Centuries, this system remained in use until the time of the French occupation (1795-1813). It was Edward I (1272-1307) who first passed a statute requiring all silver to be of sterling standard – a purity of 925 parts per thousand – ushering in a testing or assay system that has survived for over 700 years. Simons Brothers acquired their designs when the firm dissolved. Thomas Northcote was a specialist spoon and fork maker and was apprenticed to Charles Hutton between 1766 and 1771. Explore Medicine Man Gallery's extensive online database of Native American jewelry hallmarks, a vital resource for enthusiasts and collectors. Out of business in the 1920s but the manufacture of silverplate was suspended c. Conclusion. Gold hallmarks originated to show the purity of gold in a piece of gold jewellery and included the mark of the assaying office that certified the purity as well as the fineness or caratage of the gold. Standard Mark, 2. In 1798 guilds were declared abolished but remained partially active until 1807. If the coin is silver, then the letter will read “A. •. Top ~ 1886 - 1922. Feb 14, 2020 · This mark has been used from 1838 to 1961. Hallmarks, maker's marks, town marks, and date letters are all types of marks used to denote the origin, age, and maker of a piece of silver. the letter on the right identifies the period: A (1973-1982), B (1983-1992), C (1993-2002), D (2003-2013), E (2014-2023). Inlcudes initials marks for French silversmiths & jewelers or Thomas Northcote, London 1796 hallmark. com the most extensive internet resource for research of Silver marks, Hallmarks & Maker's Marks DENMARK. 8% pure silver. Jul 10, 2024 · By law, British sterling must be 925 parts silver to 75 parts other alloy metals, or 925/1000. The letter at top indicates town, A = Vienna, year 1857. The marks are: Town mark, corresponding to the mark of the Assay Office that has verified the piece Lion passant a widely illustrated guide to London silver assay marks, marks and hallmarks of British silver, including date letters chart, silver marking system and silver hallmarks guide of other towns as Birmingham, Sheffield, Dublin, Edinburgh, Chester, Glasgow: a widely illustrated directory of 3000 full sets of silver hallmarks of British makers with information on their location and history, The system included, at various times and in various combinations; city marks, assayer's marks, date letters, date numbers, and maker's marks. Berthold Muller. Please report errors and potential updates via my Contact form. China Trade Silver The marks used in the years of the China Trade Period (c. B - Bahner Franz - Behrnd Hermann - Bemberg Fritz - Binder Wilhelm - Bleyer Heinr. Note that coverage of Scottish provincial marks is far from comprehensive so I would appreciate additional examples of marks being sent to me. Welcome This project has been 18 years in the making and now documents over 12,000 silver marks on 1,200+ pages and subpages. Duty Mark and 5. Required were: Maker's Mark, Numerical Standard Mark, Assay Mark (three tower), and Assay Master's Initial Mark. In the period 1925 - 1998 the crown into an oval mark was used for imported items. The ' 800 ' was an unofficial mark and there was no uniformity in its shape. Co. Quick & easy pictorial reference on French Silver and Jewelry from all periods. B. Waite in 1860 as D. In this case the identification of the mark is less simple but not too difficult. The "F" was used, 1867 - 1904, in conjunction with a full set of London marks. 958 is the stamp of Britannia silver and indicates more pure silver in the item. Knowing how to read and interpret these marks can help you identify genuine Irish silverware. Therefore, hallmarking is generally done before the piece goes for its final polishing. TRADEMARKS CONTAINING ONLY ALPHABET LETTERS. anchor for Birmingham, leopard's head for London, etc. Gold, silver, and platinum appear in different karats and purities on today’s Irish jewelry designs: 9 karat is assayed with the number 375. As mentioned above however, silver hallmark date letters are no longer required, so modern jewellery etc will most likely not feature one. BM, reg. To find Kovels’ silver hallmarks’ database, go to “Look for your mark. B- not identified Å. Hallmarks are applied with a hammer and punch, a process that leaves sharp edges and spurs of metal. Maker's mark was prescribed a standard form, a lozenge with cut sides. Right ~ 19th Cent. To navigate the site, it is easiest to use the green menu bar at the top of the screen. Heusser & Söhne by 1933 Josef Höfler, Hanau before 1901 silver manufacturer, antique & modern, also worked in the English genre Wilhelm Hofmann, Hanau from 1896 silver manufacturer, antique & modern Gebrüder Hopff, Hanau from 1888 Horst & Sohn, Hanau 1883-c. 925 marked within an oval cartouche. Silver marks & hallmarks from France. Culme ~ 1549-51. Start by identifying the maker’s mark, followed by the standard mark denoting purity. In 1886 the use of individual city marks was abolished and replaced by the national mark (reichsmark) of a crescent moon & crown mark (Halbmond und Krone) representing the entire German state. If you are unable to identify the assay office from one of the town marks below you may have a piece of imported silver. Note that Nathaniel Austin's working period was from 1763 to 1800 and The purity markings are generally numeric, and they are different for gold, silver and platinum jewelry. 1900. PALLADIUM: 500 950 999. Oct 24, 2023 · Decoding silver hallmarks may seem daunting, but it’s akin to learning a new language. There are also numerical marks such as 90, 85, 80 or 935, 900 etc. offers a new service: the identification of marks that prove the maker or the artist. Marks and information in AMERICAN SILVERPLATE section. From left to right: maker's mark =symbol of silversmith or company; assay mark=symbol of the city in which silver content was tested, leopard head shown is London; standard mark=lion passant (looking forward) certified that silver content was 925/1000. If the trade mark contains only alphabet letters (usually name's initials) the search of information requests a previous step: to find the name of the maker. To read this article — and over 25,000 more — try Kovels Membership FREE for 7 Days Kovels Knowledge Members get full access to 25,000 articles on antiques and collectibles from 60 years of publication. This dating system was used also on silver History of silver hallmarks. With the 958 the silver content therefore it should be 95. Typical pre-1975 British hallmark. These marks are often not in close proximity as in the examples. Irish Makers' Marks I. 1928, silver and gold thimble manufacturers. *Grimwade = London Goldsmiths 1697-1837: Their Marks & Lives by Arthur G. '800' without outline. London - mark. See full list on marklittler. If the coin is made from copper, then the letter will be “C. Use the links below to go to the section you want. In 1893, a law was enacted in Denmark that standardized a new system of silver marking. PLATINUM: 850 900 950 999. The town mark for Sheffield is a crown prior to 1974, and a Yorkshire rosette thereafter. For a brief period in the mid-1790's he worked in partnership with George Bourne It does, however, give an indication of the period when the mark might first be expected to be seen. CHINESE EXPORT SILVER BASKET – Esme Parish Silver. com Silver Marks Forum - various member posts, 2005-2013 Jul 29, 2022 · The last hallmark is the type of metal being produced. The Hibernia mark was introduced on 25 March 1730 to indicate that duty had been paid on the item. From 1838, the maker’s mark and the silver guarantee Online Encyclopedia of Silver Marks, Hallmarks & Makers' Marks Silver Marks ~ France • www . The farther a piece was made from the main population centers of Oslo (Christiana), Bergen and Trondheim, the more likely there were to be mark inconsistencies. London Import Marks on Foreign Made Silver • 1867 - Present. And if the coin is gold, then the letter will say “G. 1910: Wilhelm Binder - Schwäbisch Gmünd - founded in 1869 ref: Art Nouveau and Art deco Silver, Annelies Krekel-Albersee, pag. dwudziestego wieku w Polsce - Sławomir Bołdok; Mako Press, 2005 925-1000. Silver standards were . If you’re thinking about purchasing silver made in the UK French silver hallmarks 1973 - present. The Modernist movement reached its peak between the 1930s and 1950s when many jewelers and silversmiths recognized the increasing popularity of these patterns among both men and women. Left ~ 18th Cent. Fabulous Mid Century Modern Walter Schluep Oxidized Sterling Silver Abstract Runway Pendant of Rectangular form, set with six Pearls and three facet-cut Citrines. HALLMARKING CONVENTION. *Culme = The Directory of Gold and Silversmiths: Jewellers and Allied Traders 1838-1914 by John Culme, ACC LTD. 18 karat is assayed with the number 750. Starting with A for 1868, letters of the alphabet were used until 1884 (Q). In 2023, Paris uses the letter B and Lyon the letter D. The prime purpose of these marks is to show that the metal of the item upon which they are stamped is of a certain level of purity. W. usually seen with import marks. Brandimarte s. Chinese Export Silver Marks. 78 grams to be hallmarked. This is an open ended project, new marks are continually added. Suspending from a 26" cable chain. Assay Office Mark. Online Encyclopedia of Silver Marks, Hallmarks & Makers' Marks Danish Hallmarks • www . If an item of silver was hallmarked outside London, the town mark identifies at which office it was marked. Silver Makers' Marks - London Assay Office (R) R/R& RA RB RC RD RE RF RG RH RI RJ RK RL RM RN RO RP RQ RR RS RT RU RV RW RX RY RZ. Nygaard Th. Then click on the appropriate link below to go to the tables of date letters. 1890 Hosse & Schlingloff, Hanau 1875-after 1929 The UK Hallmarking Act (1973) requires all silver items over 7. The Soviet Hammer and Sickle was used from 1918 to 1991 and is a symbol of the Soviet Union. In some countries, the testing of precious metal GERMAN SILVER HALLMARKS OF THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY (post 1888) A. 1: 1866 - 1937 2: 1937 - 1966 3: 1966 - 1999. Originally, a zolotnik represented a 1/96 of a pound, later 1/72 of a pound. Rule largely disapplied by French Assay Offices. Their resemblance to the pseudomarks found on American coin silver adds further confusion to the mix. The marks are usually found on the underside of the item, but they can also be found on the sides or the top. Closely tied with the Usually silver pieces were marked only with the ' 800 ' (purity degree 800/1000), sometimes coupled with the silversmith's hallmark. • • •. '800' with oval outline and VM (presumably silversmith's initials) 5. Firenze. 1775 - 1880) on Chinese silver made for the Western market are often mistaken for the British Hallmarks they were intended to copy. Sheffield is most notable for its cutlery and decorative plate. A small sampling that may help to identify the country of origin. The name comes from 'zoloto' meaning gold. 1872. WT – William Turton. In 1810 the Swedish hallmarking system was abandoned and a new sequence of date letters introduced. Generally of the same standard Oct 24, 2023 · Italian Silver Hallmarks: Italy, a cradle of Renaissance art, infuses its silver hallmarks with the influence of this golden age. Maker's Mark. Hallmarking must be administered by recognised assay offices. Silver Hallmarks In. Jun 1, 2004 · Examples of marks used by designers featured in the silver jewelry sale report. 1987. This period marked a unique sociological event, with different perspectives on beauty merging for the two genders. 1771. Below is an example of the marks of a pewterer who used three of these types of marks (touch mark, hallmark, and a label or place mark). The Russian standard for silver was based on ' zolotnik '. , Henry Thresher became a partner in 1884. { note - Many British makers' marks, especially in the 18th & earlier 19th centuries, are nearly identical. This long history of British hallmarks makes our hallmarking system one of the most highly structured and respected in the world. 8% purity, 750 - 18 karat gold with 75% purity, BM, reg. The British hallmarking system was widely modified in 1999 and some of the traditional marks became optional symbols applied only on request alongside the compulsory hallmarks. WT WW – William Turton & William Walbancke. This is indicated by the letter “M. Town mark. The date letters were changed on the day that the Goldsmith's Guild wardens were London Date Letter Chart - Online Encyclopedia of Silver Marks, Hallmarks & Makers' Marks. Mark on a silver cover of a prayers book dated 1910. founded in 1829 by brothers Nathan Peabody and James Tyler Ames. Online Encyclopedia of Silver Marks, Hallmarks & Makers' Marks Current French Hallmarks • www . Also keep an eye out for a maker’s mark to show who produced it. The 13 indicates silver purity, 13/16 lothig or . V. 925 purity. Here's our full, simple, easy to follow guide on silver hallmark symbols from Britain and the UK. 252 : A. 925-1000 . 4. The intaglio "900" mark is found on work dating from the turn of the century until the 1920's. Sheffield silver marks: marks and hallmarks of Sheffield silver including date letters chart and symbols of Assay Offices of other towns as London, Birmingham, Dublin, Edinburgh, Chester, Glasgow: a widely illustrated directory of 3000 full sets of silver hallmarks of British makers with information on their location and history, Cape Silver Marks. As stated earlier, this list of London Silver makers is not exhaustive & you may need to buy a silver hallmarks book if the mark you are looking for is not listed here. These silver hallmarks indicate the purity of the precious metal and often identify the date and location where the item was originally stamped or 'assayed'. Montreal Van Horne Commercial Centre 4861 Avenue Van Horne Montreal, QCS (514) 738-7886. Once the marks have been located, they can be used to identify the maker, the year it was made, and the purity of the silver. 1897. Since 1810 the national mark is one crown in a heart shaped contour. Halifax 1697 Brunswick Street, Unit 1 Halifax, NS (902) 444-7233. 5. a fully illustrated directory of maker, town, assayer marks and hallmarks of antique and modern silver: Russian, Italian, English, American, French, Silver plate, Electroplate silver, Old Sheffield Plate and much more una selezione fotografica di marchi e punzoni dell'argento d'epoca e moderno (anche con il punzone dell'argentiere) e altro American Sterling & Coin Silver Marks • www . It features a double-headed eagle with a crown and a scepter in its talons. It is regularly updated as we find and photograph new examples of silver hallmarks and makers' marks. This can be a single letter, a mark or lettering on silverware such as cutlery, vases or jugs. Henceforth, future generation of collectors will fewer and fewer find the full set of hallmarks that for hundreds of years has The Imperial Eagle was used from 1797 to 1917 and is the most recognizable of the Russian silver hallmarks. The definitive online database for silver marks found on silver produced in South Africa from 1700 to the present day. The guardians of the Assay Office meet annually in July when, until 1975, the date letter was changed. The hallmarking of British silver is based on a combination of marks that makes possible the identification of the origin and the age of each silver piece manufactured or traded in the UK. A date letter accompanies the crown town mark, but date letters varied irregularly until 1824 when they were arranged alphabetically. com • Alphabetical Listing by Maker's Name To date your silver from its hallmark first identify the assay office (e. This may be that of a retailer, importer or representative of the company which actually made the item. Ames was the firm that introduced electroplating process in the United States. Constantly updated, this repository combines rigorous research with community knowledge for precise Born 1840, died 1922 London 1916 hallmark. Back has a surround of 18K gold & is marked: SCHLUEP STERLING plus his trademark signature. He entered his first mark (TN) on 20th August 1776 following five years in the workshops of Thomas Chawner. Mark FI 283 from 1 April 1968. 3. Outside of Paris, the crab mark was used from 1838 to 1961, and since 1962, has also been used by the Paris Assay Office. purity marks – Chinese silver is most commonly marked with ‘Zu Wen’ (pure silver) mark in Chinese characters. It features a hammer and sickle crossed over a five-pointed star. The vast majority of French silver found today was made after 1838 and will bear only two marks; Silver Guarantee & Maker's Mark. was a subdivision c. Date Letter, 4. This standard has been in place in Great Britain for centuries, with most other countries adopting it much later. In South Africa from as early as 1654, we have had practising silversmiths, and most of the silver produced here – today known as Cape Silver, is marked and can be identified. silver fineness 800/1000. The example mark reads, top to bottom: date mark (letter Edinburgh silver marks, marks and hallmarks of British silver, including date letters chart and symbols of Assay Offices of other towns as London, Birmingham, Sheffield, Dublin, Edinburgh, Chester, Glasgow: a widely illustrated directory of 3000 full sets of silver hallmarks of British makers with information on their location and history, HALLMARKS OF BRITISH SILVER AND GOLD. ”. Paris silver makers and provincial hallmarks from the 17th Century to Present. The statute made it the responsibility of the Wardens of the Goldsmiths' Guild to mark all The vast majority of English, Scottish and Irish silver produced in the last 500 years is stamped with either four or five symbols, known as hallmarks. Originally it signified the Assay Master responsible for testing and marking the silver. r. Nine silver hallmarks of different assay offices in the UK and Ireland, some of which have now closed. Assay offices. The following number marks indicate silver purity in a percentage of 1000ths. Majestic Mfg. com In Great Britain, silver hallmarks were introduced in the 1320s. First mark was a star, the thimble in its interior was added later. com • a widely illustrated guide to London silver assay marks, marks and hallmarks of British silver, including date letters chart, silver marking system and silver hallmarks guide of other towns as Birmingham, Sheffield, Dublin, Edinburgh, Chester, Glasgow: a widely illustrated directory of 3000 full sets of silver hallmarks of British makers with information on their location and history, Manufacturers of sterling holloware and souvenir spoons. Mark on a silver water pitcher. List of London Silver Makers hallmarks from the 17th 2. SILVER: 800 925 999. Primarily makers of sterling and costume jewelry. ). ref: Art Nouveau and Art deco Silver - by Annelies Krekle-Aalberse: not identified - c. But whatever, the Wang Hing mark is a guarantee of quality – both of the silver content and the craftsmanship – early quality Gold Hallmarks. From 1327 onward, it became an offence to sell any precious metal in Great Britain and its territories without appropriate hallmarks. Active 1944-1979, Fine Arts was the sole distributor of six sterling flatware patterns made by the International Silver Company. After the First World War and the dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy, Hungary became a Republic continuing to use Austro-Hungarian silver hallmarks until 1937. Finnish Silversmiths' Marks. pv po dg da lm mm qu gl dc vd