Is verbal assault a crime in california

 

It can be done in person or through electronic means, such as text messages, emails or social media posts. Additionally, laws in the state protect not only intimate partners but also family members, cohabitants, and individuals in dating relationships. This type of abuse involves exposing an individual to behavior or language, by means of verbal-based harassment, that may result in psychological trauma. December 17, 2021. May 26, 2022 · The crime of assault, in some states, is very similar to criminal threats. Penalties. Penal Code § 422 covers criminal threats. Threatening you or your property, yelling, and using insulting or offensive language can all qualify as verbal harassment. Examples of State Elder Abuse Laws Regardless of the circumstances surrounding the actual threat—the crime of threatening someone can change your life. Examples of verbal abuse. Having represented people accused of threatening, it’s one of those criminal charges that often shocks the defendant. by . Whether this is verbal or physical, the intent is the same: to control you through fear. It is possible to acquire a restraining order against the spouse who is carrying a verbal form of Section 422 of the California Penal Code reads as follows: (a) Any person who willfully threatens to commit a crime which will result in death or great bodily injury to another person, with the specific intent that the statement, made verbally, in writing, or by means of an electronic communication device, is to be taken as a threat, even if Sep 24, 2022 · Verbal assault is an act that involves using threatening or abusive language towards someone. 1 (1) of the Code states that “ [e]very one commits an [assault] offence who, in any manner, knowingly utters, conveys or causes any person to receive a threat. This can make sexual assault difficult to prove in California. Two of the most common domestic violence crimes are for: Penal Code 243(e)(1) “domestic battery” (a misdemeanor) or Penal Code 273. Domestic verbal abuse can occur between spouses, two people who used to date, and people who have had a child together. Unlawful workplace harassment can include verbal abuse based on your membership in a protected class, including: Epithets. California law defines domestic violence to include any kind of willful conduct that causes an intimate partner or family member to experience physical injury, sexual assault, threats, stalking, or other crimes where there is no Define Verbal assault. gov May 14, 2024 · California’s civil harassment law, California Code of Civil Procedure section 527. a fine of up to $1000. Mar 3, 2024 · The crime of domestic violence is clearly defined in the California Penal Code Section 273. Individuals can face criminal threat charges if they threaten someone with: An act of violence; Physical harm May 26, 2023 · The Tort of Assault While, generally, people think of assault as the actual hitting or beating of another person, that is not always the case. If you were charged, contact Corrigan Welbourn Stokke, APLC. Instead, when the victims of domestic abuse file suit, they may add NIED claims to lawsuits for IIED, assault or sexual abuse. Moreover, pointing a gun without an accompanying verbal threat may still be an assault, assuming the victim saw the gun. 5, you will be required to pay hefty fines as well as serve a mandatory sentence in county jail or state prison. . 1%, and rapes remained essentially the same (0. If the verbal harassment and abuse has been consistent, and your feel either threatened or uncomfortable in your workplace due to this verbal harassment or Simple Assault is a Misdemeanor crime. "Verbal abuse" does not exist as a crime. In California, sexual battery is typically a misdemeanor. “ (a) to cause death or bodily harm to any person; “ (b) to burn, destroy or damage real or personal property; or. The legal definition of. If you're experiencing verbal abuse, help is available. In general, threatening is punishable in one year behind bars—either in a county jail or a state prison. Conviction can result in six months in a county jail, a fine of up to $1,000, or both jail time and a fine. The speaker communicates the threat either verbally, in writing, or Nov 30, 2021 · Most people might not think of emotional abuse as a crime, but under California’s domestic violence law, it can be. ”⁠39 The court noted that the supervisor’s abuse of women in the workplace centered on their gender Oct 12, 2023 · It’s not about physical contact; rather, it’s confined to spoken and written words aimed at an individual. Victims of verbal harassment can suffer from significant emotional distress and even develop mental health problems. However, many states have no precedence for this singular issue without accompanying action or criminal activity. If you are a dependent adult1 living in the community, abuse and neglect can take many different May 28, 2024 · California’s violent crime rate increased by 5. Someone who has been the victim of assault in California has the right to sue the perpetrator for damages such as medical bills and lost wages. Other Forms of Evidence in Sexual Assault Cases. There were threats of death, rape, and bodily harm. The prosecution may look at: May 8, 2023 · Yes. Individuals face PC 422 charges if they threaten someone with: An act of violence. There are a lot of ways that someone can verbally abuse you. Simple Assault. They know Aug 29, 2022 · Assault is considered a misdemeanor along with physical assault, per California Penal Code § § 240. Derogatory comments. (a) No person, whether or not acting under color of law, shall by force or threat of force, willfully injure, intimidate, interfere with, oppress, or threaten any other person in the free exercise or enjoyment of any right or privilege secured to him or her by the Constitution or laws of this state or See full list on courts. To be convicted of PC 273. While the rates for robbery (theft with force) and aggravated assault increased by 9. Estimates show they are at least four to ten times more likely victims than people without disabilities are. Simple Assault (Pen. Keep in mind that abuse and domestic violence do not have to be only physical. Verbal abuse can rise to the level of a criminal offense if it meets the standard of this crime. At Common Law, an intentional act by one person that creates an apprehension in another of an imminent harmful or offensive contact. It can also include the use of derogatory terms, the delivery of statements intended to frighten, humiliate, denigrate, or belittle a person. means a threat of an immediate harmful or offensive touching, coupled with an apparent immediate ability to commit same, and which puts a person in a reasonable apprehension of such touching; or, the use of offensive language directed at a person, where such language is likely to provoke a reasonable person (example: excessive taunting or teasing, bullying or other Verbal Abuse Can Be a Criminal Offense in California. Verbal abuse is a significant issue in California, and it is treated as a crime under domestic violence laws. the victim institutionalized for medical treatment AND is seriously disabled or medically incapacitated, 3. There are certain situations, for example, where those words could become important. Under California law, verbal threats are punishable by jail/prison time and fines. up to 6 months in jail and. Verbal abuse is especially concerning when it follows a pattern, is long-term, and remains repetitive in a relationship. Penal Code § 422 PC defines the crime of criminal threats. Simple assault is generally a misdemeanor that carries a penalty of. It is an act of cruelty and dehumanization that can be just as damaging as physical violence. The act of verbal assault can occur in person but also over the phone, in electronic form, or via another person. A fourth degree misdemeanor in Ohio can result in the following penalties: Up to 30 days in jail. But is there such a crime as verbal assault in Canada? Whether you have legal recourse or not, domestic violence occurs if your partner engages in a pattern of behavior to scare you into doing what they want. 6 CCP, has its own legal definition of harassment. The woman was angry about an unproven perceived slight and went on a recorded verbal attack threatening bodily harm against many people. Verbal assault, as opposed to verbal abuse, is a criminal offense. Abuse can be verbal (spoken), emotional, or psychological. Sexual harassment can take a variety of forms, and with more media platforms available Jun 28, 2018 · For example: At a friend’s house, you say or do something they don’t like. , “battered spouse syndrome”). Moreover, the state's laws, particularly penal code 422, delve deep into what constitutes criminal threats, from mere words to the involvement of a deadly or dangerous weapon. Words alone are usually not enough to commit an assault, and some sort of physical action is typically required. g. For example, if a person verbally threatens you while holding a gun or other weapon, this could be classified as a verbal assault. 1% decrease Pursuant to California Welfare & Institutions Code Section 602 WIC, juvenile court has jurisdiction over offenses allegedly committed by minors who are under the age of 18 at the time of the offense. Since an assault is the threatening of harm, and a battery is the actual act of harm, the two crimes are often charged together. “ (c) to kill, poison or injure and animal or bird Is yelling a form of verbal assault? Verbal abuse can include the act of harassing, labeling, insulting, scolding, rebuking, or excessive yelling towards an individual. Neglect. There are many other possible forms of evidence used in sexual assault cases in Los Angeles. However California Fair Employment and Housing Act (FEHA) prohibits harassment in the workplace on a discriminatory basis. The state recognizes the detrimental impact of emotional and psychological abuse on victims and has comprehensive measures in place to protect them. May 8, 2024 · Justia - California Civil Jury Instructions (CACI) (2024) 1301. Another common form of abuse—especially in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic—is neglect. This fine may increase to $3,000 if the victim worked for the defendant at the time of the incident. Jan 1, 2023 · California Code, Penal Code - PEN § 422. 240. An assault conviction is a misdemeanor that. Aug 24, 2023 · California recognizes verbal abuse as a type of domestic violence. ARS § 13-1203 is the Arizona statute that defines the crime of assault. One thing that makes IIED and NIED cases tough is proving that the defendant caused you physical or emotional harm. Threatening to hurt you, your pet or someone whom you love May 16, 2023 · Verbal abuse is a serious offense in California, and there are several charges that can be used to prosecute offenders. Therefore if someone accuses you of domestic violence, you Yes, Verbal Abuse Is A Crime In California | Quinnan Law. PEN Code § 240 - 240. ⁠38. Call us free on 604-685-8889. Mentally disabled adults are at greater risk of violence. We’ll answer your questions and talk about possible outcomes of your case, as well as give you the legal advice you need. 471, Nevada law defines the crime of assault as either deliberately attempting to use force against a victim, or placing the victim in reasonable fear of imminent bodily harm. Claiming Emotional Duress due to Verbal Assault Without Another Crime It may be possible to file a claim for verbal assault even if it is the only crime that was committed. Mar 23, 2022 · Section 264. This crime is classified as a misdemeanor, with fines ranging from $500 to $2000, depending on the severity and the impact on the victim. In general, emotional abuse occurs in a situation where there is a power imbalance. 9(a) defines the crime of stalking as willfully, maliciously, and repeatedly following, harassing or making a credible threat to another with the intent of placing that person in reasonable fear for his or her safety, or the safety of his or her immediate family. The threats must be something the assailant is capable of carrying out, and which cause fear of imminent danger to the victim. If someone commits a crime at age 17 but it is not discovered or tried until the minor is 20, the minor can still be tried in juvenile court. ” While it is a distinct offense from physical assault, it involves using threatening language or engaging in verbal conduct that causes the victim to fear imminent bodily harm or physical contact. Our Ventura protection from abuse lawyers discuss verbal abuse in domestic violence cases and how to get a restraining order for verbal abuse in California. Youre never good enough Under NRS § 200. If you or someone you know has been the victim of verbal abuse, it’s important to seek legal advice and take action to protect yourself. 241. Under various laws, the legal claim of assault does not actually require any touching to occur. For example, if the language is threatening or causes severe mental distress, the victim may be entitled to sue for intentional infliction of emotional distress. 9(a) and 422(a). Battery is defined as an intentional offensive or harmful touching of another person that is done without his or her consent. Jul 24, 2023 · Verbal abuse is not a crime in itself in California, but it may be considered a form of harassment or an assault in certain circumstances. In general, harassment refers to repeated behavior rather than a passing remark. Nonetheless, schools must have clear policies in place to address verbal abuse in their communities. Threatening physical injury or violence, on Abuse, Neglect, and Crimes Against People with Disabilities. Below are some prevalent abusive acts that stand punishable under the new California AB 2053 law. to which the victim may belong. In addition, people can also face abuse via digital platforms on other levels. Domestic verbal abuse also can take place between people who are related by blood or by marriage. Fines up to $250. Verbal abuse is a means of controlling and maintaining power over another person. Police officer mistakes, faulty breathalyzers and crime lab errors may get your charges reduced or dismissed. Feb 9, 2018 · While verbal abuse is domestic violence, it is crucial to understand what constitutes verbal abuse in the eyes of the law. An example of this is embezzlement. 00. May 17, 2022 · Is verbal abuse a crime in Pennsylvania? I was in a Twitter spaces where I witnessed and heard some of the most vile sexually explicit violence being spewed. Below is an overview of verbal assault Jan 23, 2023 · These guidelines are issued by the California Department of Education (CDE), in conjunction with the California Department of Social Services, to help all persons, particularly those persons who work in our children’s schools, to be able to identify signs of suspected cases of child abuse and/or child neglect and to have the tools to know how to make a report to the proper authorities. That means another form of assault must have taken place. Jun 2, 2020 · NIED cases don’t usually get filed on their own. Code, § 240) - Free Legal Information - Laws, Blogs, Legal Services and More Oct 23, 2023 · Many people wonder, "Is a verbal threat a crime in California?" The answer isn't as straightforward as some might think. 5, “inflicting corporal injury on an intimate partner” (a Jun 30, 2023 · It is an assault where a person threatens to shoot another while pointing a gun, even where the victim later learns that the gun was not loaded or even real. 1. Nov 18, 2021 · This is called domestic verbal abuse, and it occurs when two people live in the same household with an intimate relationship. An assault is carried out by a threat of bodily harm coupled with an apparent, present ability to cause the harm. Feb 6, 2009 · Emotional abuse is not itself a crime in California, but our state criminal law does recognize it as an effect of physical and verbal abuse and neglect (e. Verbal assault can be a criminal offence, depending on the context and the severity of the language used. Source: Verbal Abuse as a Domestic Violence Crime | Free Eval Mar 17, 2021 · The lawyers at Acumen Law are experienced in handling all kinds of assault cases and they can help. Probation and fees. stalking (Penal Code 646. This includes the development of resources and strategies to increase support for LGBTQ students. In most cases, verbal threats become a crime when the speaker's threat is unambiguous and specific, when a listener: It is possible for someone to be the victim of domestic violence through persistent verbal abuse and being subjected to “coercive control. Words that are intended to “control, intimidate, or subjugate someone May 18, 2022 · Domestic violence under California law includes any physical, emotional, sexual, or other violence, verbal abuse, or the threat of violence between people who currently or formerly were married, lived together, or dated, those who share a child, or a close blood relative. Insulting comments about the victim’s ideas, behaviors, and/or beliefs. In many cases, the evidence will depend on the actions of both the alleged victim and perpetrator after a sex crime. An emotional distress case would be filed with an individuals local court. Aug 13, 2015 · Behavior that constitutes criminal harassment is defined in California Penal Codes 646. Battery, on the other hand, involves the deliberate and illegal use of violence or force against another person. 9. The injury caused a traumatic condition. This can occur through physical or emotional manipulation or other controlling behaviors. Examples of psychological abuse include isolation, harassment, humiliation, insults, threats, and verbal assaults. Verbal Assault: A Crime Within Verbal Abuse. In Ohio, menacing is considered a fourth-degree misdemeanor. In the simplest terms, menacing and verbal assault refers to verbal threats of harm regardless of the intention to carry out said threats. May 8, 2024 · Justia - California Criminal Jury Instructions (CALCRIM) (2024) 915. Without a word, they storm out and sit in the car, leaving you to explain and say goodbye to your hosts. It is both a crime and a tort and, therefore, may result in either criminal or civil Is verbal assault a crime? Yes, in some cases verbal assault (defined as threating someone's person) is a class C misdemeanor. Aug 2, 2022 · No, you can’t go to jail for verbal abuse. Verbal abuse is a form of psychological assault that seeks to harm or destroy the self-worth of another. Verbal abuse involves using one’s words as a weapon, whether that’s in the form of name-calling or giving the silent treatment. California anti-bullying laws direct the Department of Education to display information, curricula, and resources that address bias-related discrimination, harassment, intimidation, cyber sexual bullying, and bullying. Penal Code 288. Cal. California Penal Code 646. In fact, emotional abuse can be easier to spot than physical abuse. There is no “hard-and-fast” definition for what constitutes verbal abuse, which means the determination of verbal abuse varies by circumstances and situations. 9% and 5. Assault - Essential Factual Elements - Free Legal Information - Laws, Blogs, Legal Services and More WebVerbal abuse can be as powerfully destructive as physical abuse and is much more difficult to identify. James DeSimone Law at 310-693-5561 and meet with one of our experienced attorneys if you feel you have been the victim of verbal abuse at work. This Act defines domestic violence and provides legal rules pertaining to the charging and remedies the state Mar 9, 2023 · If the language in issue fulfills the legal definition of harassment or defamation, it may be permissible to sue for verbal abuse in specific situations. 9 PC); Oct 28, 2020 · Basically, a verbal threat becomes a crime when: The speaker threatens to harm or kill the listener or the listener’s family; The speaker’s threat is specific and unambiguous; The listener has reasonable belief and fear that the speaker will carry their threat out; and. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Nov 1, 2020 · There are also nonphysical forms of abuse, including verbal abuse and harassment. What is verbal abuse considered? Verbal abuse, also known as emotional abuse, is a range of words or behaviors used to manipulate, intimidate, and maintain power and control over someone . You commit this offense if you intentionally or recklessly cause physical injury to someone, intentionally place another person in fear of physical injury, or knowingly touch someone with the intent to injure or provoke them. 7%, from 468 crimes per 100,000 residents in 2021 to 495 in 2022. Any person who willfully threatens to commit a crime which will result in Dec 15, 2019 · Contact V. Sep 21, 2022 · Some of these laws criminalize older adult abuse specifically, while others add enhanced penalties for crimes that target seniors. miami carnival 2023 dates. Contact V. These are threats of death or great bodily injury that place victims in reasonable and sustained fear for their safety or the safety of their families. In a different case, a male supervisor referred to female employees as “dumb fucking broads” and “fucking cunts. Verbal assault is a typical phrase you hear mentioned from time to time. ” In California, verbal abuse is domestic violence. If convicted of a misdemeanor, the defendant can receive up to six months in county jail and a maximum fine of $2,000. is verbal abuse a crime in californiawho killed a lion with his bare hands greek mythology. ) Jun 16, 2010 · We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Jan 12, 2017 · Many misdemeanor assault and battery crimes become a felony when the victim is disabled. California, explains verbal abuse can be If you are convicted of violating California Penal Code 273. An assault occurs when a person either attempts to physically injure someone else or uses threats of force accompanied by threatening actions. (Enacted 1872. Mar 29, 2021 · Emotional abuse is also known as psychological or mental abuse. Feb 16, 2023 · ⁠37 The court held that this kind of verbal abuse was sufficient to establish a valid claim of sexual harassment. Your Rights! Protecting Yourself Against Unsafe Living Conditions and Evictions. This is important because verbal abuse often escalates into physical abuse, and because verbal abuse alone has the potential to be psychologically damaging. Verbal assault is the exception. 6. In California, unlawful workplace sexual harassment occurs when a person directs negative, inappropriate, or unwanted conduct at a worker based on their sex, gender, marital status, sexual orientation, pregnancy, or other sex-related reason. It differs from the crime of battery in law, because, in reality, there is no physical contact with the victim during the criminal act. contact an experienced domestic violence attorney. If you were the target of verbal sexual abuse or a witness to this crime in California, contact a Los Angeles sexual abuse attorney from Manly, Stewart & Finaldi for a free and confidential legal consultation. An assault is an unlawful attempt, coupled with a present ability, to commit a violent injury on the person of another. It encompasses a wide range of behaviors, such as stalking, harassment, intimidation, and destruction of personal property. Jul 24, 2023 · In Texas, a verbal assault crime is typically referred to as “assault by threat” or “verbal assault. People with disabilities are at a higher risk of abuse, neglect and being victims of crime. Verbal abuse; Verbal abuse holds numerous examples — it can be as trivial as gossiping or as severe as bullying and name-calling. You may be the victim of a hate crime if you have been targeted because of your actual or perceived: (1) disability, (2) gender, (3) nationality, (4) race or ethnicity, (5) religion, (6) sexual orientation, and (7) association with a person or group with one or more Dec 13, 2010 · Verbal assault usually involves threatening physical violence on someone, although sometimes yelling or aggressively using words to offend or attack someone can constitute verbal assault. In the workplace, "verbal abuse," or merely making hurtful or derogatory statements, may result in disciplinary action or a harassment lawsuit, but this is not always the case when it comes to criminal charges. This is also true for forms of emotional abuse, mental abuse, and can even extend to stalking and other forms of harassment. (a) An assault is punishable by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000), or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding six months, or by both the fine and imprisonment. It may be annoying to have a stranger say something Penal Code 243. 5 (a) PC: Corporal injury to spouse. ⁠ 1. Despite this, verbal abuse is not recognized as a crime in every state. It often leads to anxiety, depression, or Is verbal abuse a crime in California? Verbal Abuse Is a Criminal Offense in California One charge used by the state is Penal Code §422: Criminal Threats. Surprisingly, in California, unlike Illinois and many other states, kidnapping is not elevated to an aggravated crime if the victim is disabled. James DeSimone Law. If the defendant receives a felony conviction Feb 16, 2023 · 17 Minutes. Under this law, harassment is any of the following: unlawful violence, such as: assault (Penal Code 240 PC), battery (Penal Code 242 PC), or. Feb 17, 2022 · If a domestic violence (“DV”) charge gets filed under these laws, a defendant can attempt one, or all, of the following to try and get it dropped: gain the support of the prosecutor, request a copy of the police report, prepare a true account of details, and. 4 PC is California’s sexual battery law. In California, domestic violence is often called “DVPA” (The California Domestic Abuse Prevention Act). Often, abuse takes many forms, and abusers use a combination of tactics to control and have power over the person being abused. Insulting comments about people, places or things that are dear to the Apr 5, 2018 · The law protects against abuse, and that protection is not limited to physical abuse. Jul 24, 2023 · California’s laws specifically provide that emotional abuse may amount to domestic violence and/or harm, injury or endangerment to a child where a person willfully causes or permits a child to suffer unjustifiable mental suffering or endangering the health of a child. California domestic violence laws make it a crime to harm (or threaten to harm) your current or former: spouse, cohabitant, co-parent, or dating or intimate partner. No, you cant go to jail for verbal abuse. The following acts are considered domestic violence under California law: The domestic violence laws say “abuse” is: Behavior like harassing, stalking, threatening, or hitting someone, disturbing someone’s peace, or destroying someone’s personal property). To protect and advocate for the rights of people with disabilities, DRC uses our Jan 12, 2023 · Verbal abuse is a type of emotional abuse that uses language and communication to cause harm. You may be entitled to financial compensation. Dec 20, 2010 · Abuse and neglect includes: assault and battery, sexual assault, inappropriate use of physical or chemical restraint or medication, isolation, and financial abuse. 5 PC is the California statute that makes it a crime for a person to engage in the continuous sexual abuse of a child under 14 years of age. In the state of California, sexual misconduct can be a misdemeanor or felony. To schedule your free consultation, call us at (949) 251-0330 or contact us online. It is when someone uses their words to assault, dominate, ridicule, manipulate, and/or degrade another person and negatively impact that person's psychological health. Nov 12, 2018 · To learn more about your case in a free, confidential consultation, call the Law Offices of Bamieh and De Smeth today at (805) 643-5555. Oct 16, 2023 · Battery is, in many ways, the completion of an assault. Verbal Assault. Physical harm. Oct 29, 2016 · The following are examples of verbal abuse, that are the most common in many relationship types: Insulting comments about a particular gender, career, religion, etc. 1. Jun 22, 2017 · Verbal abuse itself is not unlawful under state or federal laws. 1 However, it can be a felony if there are aggravating factors, such as: the victim is unlawfully restrained, 2. A hate crime is a crime against a person, group, or property motivated by the victim's real or perceived protected social group. 2%, respectively, homicides reversed a two-year upward trend, dropping by 6. There are many forms this financial crime can take, but embezzlement from a senior person has a specific definition — and punishment. Some other typical examples of verbal Jul 13, 2023 · In California, domestic violence extends beyond just physically abusive acts. May 20, 2024 · Verbal abuse is a type of emotional abuse. For an assault to occur, an aggressor only needs to make some overt act or statement that would make a If you need to talk to an attorney about verbal harassment law and how it may apply to you, call us at 818-230-8380 for a free case review. 4 PC makes it a crime for a person to arrange a meeting with a minor with the intent to engage in certain sexual conduct. The domestic violence laws say “abuse” is: Behavior like harassing, stalking, threatening, or hitting someone, disturbing someone’s peace, or destroying someone’s personal property). Dec 10, 2020 · Verbal abuse takes place in the context of a relationship and the damage done rises in direct proportion to the importance of the relationship. Physical injury need not occur against the victim of an assault. Please see the following WA Jun 14, 2022 · Psychological abuse involves the intentional infliction of emotional pain, distress, or anguish through verbal or non-verbal acts. What Does California Penal Code §240 (Assault) Prohibit? In sum, to be guilty of Assault under CPC §240, you must: Do something that would result in applying force to a person; AND, Assault. Counseling. Proving the Damage of Emotional Harm. The key language of Section 422 reads as follows: 422. A civil case hearing would occur at the courts assigned date. Physical assault, on the other hand, is a crime. This means three or more instances of abuse occurring May 23, 2019 · We have successfully gotten charges dropped or dismissed, and we are ready to do the same for you. ca. 5, you must have: Wilfully caused a physical injury to a former or current intimate partner. fs ax jk gz pg ic je it mx fe